Music theory · 6 min read

Tempo markings and rubato

What Adagio, Andante and Allegro really specify, how metronome marks differ from the Italian words, and what rubato means when it is done well.

2026-08-10

The Italian words are characters, not speeds

The standard ladder runs roughly Grave, Largo, Adagio, Andante, Moderato, Allegretto, Allegro, Vivace, Presto, Prestissimo. Books give metronome ranges for each, and those ranges are useful as a first approximation and misleading if taken as definitions.

The words describe character as much as rate. Andante comes from the verb to walk and implies motion, not slowness; a great many students play Andante far too slowly because they have learned it as a synonym for slow. Allegro means cheerful. Largo means broad. Grave means serious and heavy. A performer who chases the metronome number without the character usually produces something technically compliant and lifeless.

Modifiers sharpen the instruction. Molto means very, poco means a little, meno means less, piu means more, assai means quite or very, non troppo means not too much. Allegro ma non troppo is a warning that the movement can run away. Andante con moto tells you the composer was worried you would drag.

Metronome marks and what they hide

A metronome mark specifies a note value and a number of those values per minute. Crotchet equals 96 means ninety-six crotchets a minute. Since Maelzel's device became common in the early nineteenth century, composers have been able to be precise, and some have been.

Precision brings its own problems. Beethoven's published metronome marks are famously fast, and scholars still argue about whether his device was faulty, his intentions extreme, or our performance tradition slow. Many marks in nineteenth-century editions were added by editors rather than composers and carry no authority at all.

Treat a metronome mark as evidence rather than law. It tells you what the composer or editor thought, and it is particularly useful for relative information: if two movements carry marks, the ratio between them is often more reliable than either absolute figure.

Tempo change instructions form their own vocabulary. Ritardando and rallentando both mean gradually slower; accelerando means gradually faster; a tempo means return to the previous speed; tempo primo means return to the opening speed. A fermata holds a note or rest for longer than its written value, by an amount you judge.

What rubato actually is

Rubato means stolen. In its older and stricter sense, associated with Chopin's own teaching, the accompaniment keeps strict time while the melody moves freely above it, lingering on some notes and hurrying others, so that the two hands are deliberately out of alignment and then back together. Time taken from one note is given back to another within the same bar.

The looser modern sense allows the whole texture to breathe together, slowing into a climax and easing away from it. Both are legitimate, but the older sense is the more instructive, because it insists on the thing that distinguishes rubato from simply being unsteady: something must keep the pulse.

Good rubato is local and it balances. If you stretch the top of a phrase, you compensate soon after. Bad rubato is a general vagueness about the beat, usually applied at the points where the player finds the notes difficult. The unpleasant truth is that most student rubato is technique failure with a label on it, and the diagnostic is simple: if it disappears when the passage becomes easy, it was never rubato.

A fair general principle is that rubato is earned by the strength of the underlying pulse. A player whose time is rock solid can bend it and the listener still feels where the beat is. A player whose time is already unsteady has nothing to bend.

Making tempo audible on the accordion

Nothing reveals unsteady time like the bellows. Because volume follows air pressure directly, any hesitation in the left arm shows up as a dip in sound, and any rush shows up as a bulge. The bellows will not politely cover a rhythmic problem the way a sustaining pedal covers one on a piano.

That directness is also the accordion's rubato instrument. You can shape a phrase by pressure alone, giving a note a slight swell as it arrives and easing off as it passes, without altering the timing at all. Played well, this produces the impression of flexibility over a pulse that never actually moves, which is the effect much rubato is reaching for.

The Stradella left hand imposes a discipline here worth respecting. Its bass and chord alternation in a waltz or a tango is the timekeeper, and the moment it becomes flexible the dance collapses. Keeping the left hand metrical while the right hand breathes is the strict form of rubato described above, arrived at by mechanical necessity.

Tempo in the bass section

Orchestral and jazz bass players live at the opposite end of this discussion. The bass is where an ensemble's time is located, and a bass line that arrives half a beat late drags an entire section with it.

There is a physical complication. A low, thick string takes real time to start vibrating, so the bow must engage slightly before the sound is wanted if the note is to arrive on the beat. Players learn to place the attack early by an amount they stop being conscious of. Pizzicato has less of this delay, which is one reason jazz bass lines can sit so precisely on top of the beat.

Where a bass player does bend time, it is usually by placing notes fractionally behind or ahead of the beat rather than by changing the tempo: a laid-back feel in jazz, a forward push in dance music. This is a different device from rubato and it is worth keeping the two separate in your head. We teach them separately at A&G Academy for that reason, and nearly always with the metronome on.

Frequently asked

How fast is Andante?

Books usually give around seventy-six to hundred and eight beats a minute, but the word means walking, and character matters more than the number. Andante implies unhurried motion rather than slowness. Playing it as though it were Adagio is the commonest misreading, and it makes the music sound heavy rather than calm.

What does rubato mean?

Literally stolen time. You take time from some notes and give it back to others, stretching and compressing within a phrase while the underlying pulse remains felt. In its strict historical form the accompaniment keeps steady time while the melody moves freely above it. Unsteadiness without compensation is not rubato.

Should I practise with a metronome?

Yes, for most of the work. A metronome exposes exactly where you slow down, which is nearly always where the passage is hardest. Once the tempo is genuinely stable, turn it off and let the phrasing breathe. Expressive flexibility works only over a pulse that is secure underneath it.


Learning or buying in Singapore?

A&G Academy teaches accordion, bayan and double bass, and sells the instruments we teach on. Ask us anything — we'd rather talk you out of the wrong instrument than sell you one.

Ask on WhatsApp See instruments