Buying guides · 6 min read

Discovering the world of bowed string instruments

Violin, viola, cello and double bass compared: how they differ, how sizing works, what the price tiers really buy, and how to try one before you commit.

2026-09-04

Four instruments, one idea

The violin, viola and cello share a design: arched top and back, four strings tuned in fifths, f-holes, a soundpost and a bass bar. They differ in size and therefore in range. The violin is the highest, tuned G D A E, and has the most solo repertoire by a wide margin. The viola sits a fifth below, tuned C G D A, reads the alto clef, and has a darker, more interior sound that people either fall for or never think about. The cello, an octave below the viola, is held between the knees on an endpin and covers a range close to the human voice, which is part of why it appeals so widely.

The double bass is the outlier. It is tuned in fourths rather than fifths, sounds an octave lower than written, often has sloping shoulders and a flat back, and can be bowed with either of two entirely different bow designs. Those features come from the viol family rather than the violin family, and the bass is best understood as a hybrid that kept the older design because at that size it works better.

In practical terms the choice is usually made on physical and musical grounds together. Violin and viola are held up against the neck and jaw, which some people never find comfortable. Cello and bass rest on the floor and are easier on the neck and shoulders but far less portable.

How sizing works

All four come in fractional sizes for children, and the fractions do not correspond to any actual proportion. For violin and viola the measurement that matters is arm length: the student extends their left arm and the instrument should reach comfortably to the middle of the palm with the fingers able to curl around the scroll. Sizes run 1/16, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and full, and viola is often measured in inches of body length instead.

Cello sizing follows height and torso length, and the test is whether the player can sit with the instrument against the chest, the C-string peg beside the ear, and the left hand reaching first position without stretching. Sizes run from 1/8 through to full.

Double bass is the one where the naming is most misleading. A 3/4 bass is the standard adult instrument, not a reduced one. A 7/8 is larger and suits players with big hands and strength; 4/4 is rare. Children use 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8 sizes. Getting the size wrong on any of these does more damage than buying a cheaper instrument would.

What the price tiers actually buy

At the bottom sit factory instruments, usually sold as an outfit with a case and a bow. These are made in volume, often with pressed or minimally carved plates and stained hardwood fittings rather than ebony. They are fine for a beginner and genuinely serviceable for a year or three. The bow included is nearly always the weakest part, and replacing it is the cheapest significant upgrade available.

The middle tier is workshop instruments: carved by hand in a production setting, with real ebony fittings, better wood and a proper setup. This is where most serious students land and where many stay for years, because the gap between a good workshop instrument and a handmade one is much smaller than the gap between a factory and a workshop instrument.

At the top are instruments made individually by a living maker, and above that the antique market, where provenance and repair history drive the price as much as sound does. Old is not automatically better. A good new instrument frequently outplays a tired old one that has been repaired repeatedly.

Across all tiers, setup is the underrated variable. Bridge fitting, soundpost position, string height and fingerboard planing determine whether an instrument is a pleasure or a fight, and a mediocre instrument set up well beats a better one left as it came out of the box.

Strings, bows and the rest of the cost

Strings are a consumable and a real expense, particularly on cello and bass. They also change the instrument's character considerably, and a set that suits one instrument may be wrong on another. Most players settle on a preference after trying two or three sets over a few years.

The bow matters more than beginners expect. A good bow makes a modest instrument respond and a bad one flattens a fine instrument. Carbon fibre bows are consistent, tolerate humidity well, and are a sensible first serious bow in a tropical climate. Rehairing is routine and comes round faster in humid air.

Then there are cases, rosin, shoulder rests or endpin stops, and for cello and bass, transport. A bass in particular is a logistical commitment before it is a musical one.

Trying one properly

Play long open strings first and listen for whether each speaks immediately and whether the volume is even across all four. Then play the same pitch on two different strings and listen for whether the character matches. Look for wolf notes, the strangled stutter where a body resonance fights a string; every cello and bass has some, and the question is how bad and where.

Check the physical condition. Sight along the neck for a twist, tap gently around the edges listening for the hollow buzz of an open seam, look inside with a torch for cracks and old repairs, and check the soundpost stands upright. On a used instrument, ask what work has been done and when.

Finally, play something you know in the register you actually use, and take the instrument to a teacher before committing. Bringing a candidate instrument to your lesson is an entirely normal request, and any teacher in Singapore will expect to be asked.

Frequently asked

Which string instrument is easiest to start on?

None is easy, but cello is often the gentlest introduction: it sits on the floor, the left hand is in a natural position, and the intervals are wide enough that intonation errors are audible and correctable. Violin demands the most awkward physical setup, and double bass demands the most physical reach.

What size violin does my child need?

Measure arm length rather than age. With the left arm extended, the scroll should sit in the middle of the palm and the fingers should curl comfortably around it. If the arm is straight and straining, the instrument is too big. A teacher or shop will size this in a couple of minutes.

Is it worth spending more than the beginner tier?

Once a student practises consistently, yes. The step from a factory outfit to a workshop instrument with proper setup is the biggest audible improvement per dollar you will ever get. The step from workshop to handmade is much smaller and worth making only when the player's ability makes the difference useful.


Learning or buying in Singapore?

A&G Academy teaches accordion, bayan and double bass, and sells the instruments we teach on. Ask us anything — we'd rather talk you out of the wrong instrument than sell you one.

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